Proposal to close Raine's Foundation School (including plans to expand nearby Oaklands Secondary School, for the transfer of Raine's pupils)

Timeline of key events

20 April 2020 – Determination published by the Office of the Schools Adjudicator (OSA)

Following due consideration of the proposal to discontinue Raine’s Foundation School, the OSA formally approved the proposal for the closure to take effect on the 31st August 2020. Read the OSA decision.

The only appeal against an adjudicator’s decision is by way of judicial review in the High Court, information on which can be found at: www.judiciary.gov.uk   

25 February 2020 – Appeal submitted by Raine’s School Foundation

Referral submitted to the council by Raine’s School Foundation on the decision to close Raine’s Foundation School. The referral was submitted by the council to the Office of the Schools Adjudicator (OSA) on 26 February 2020.

18 February 2020 - Outcome of Overview and Scrutiny Committee

The decision taken by the Mayor in Cabinet on Weds 29 January 2020 on the future of Raine’s Foundation School was referred (via the council’s ‘call-in’ process) to the Overview & Scrutiny Committee (OSC) on 18 February 2020 in order to determine whether or not to refer the matter back to the Mayor for further consideration.

The Overview and Scrutiny Committee resolved not to refer the matter back to the Mayor. This means that the council confirmed its decision for Raine’s Foundation School to close on the 31 August 2020.

As a result, the period of appeals to the Office of the Schools Adjudicator was extended to 17 March 2020 at midnight. The deadline for appeals has now closed.

29 January 2020 - Proposal to close Raine’s Foundation School approved by the Mayor of Tower Hamlets in Cabinet

The Mayor of Tower Hamlets in Cabinet approved the decision to close Raine’s Foundation School with effect from 31 August 2020.  The decision was subject to the council’s ‘call in’ process.

All feedback received during the statutory consultation period was included in the report considered by the Mayor in Cabinet and informed the final decision.  View the decision notice, the full report and appendices .

This decision followed:

  • The initial non-statutory consultation which took place during June and July of 2019
  • Publication of a statutory notice on 4 November 2019
  • The four-week statutory consultation period which finished on 2 December 2019.

The decision was subject to a final four-week appeal process outlined in the Department for Education’s statutory guidance on School Organisation, whereby specified organisations have the right to appeal to the Office of the Schools Adjudicator (OSA). The appeals deadline has now passed.

2 December 2019 – Close of statutory consultation

View representations received during the consultation in appendix 2 to the cabinet report dated 29 January 2020.

4 November 2019 - Publication of Statutory Notice on the proposal to close Raine’s Foundation School and start of statutory consultation

The Statutory Notice on proposals concerning the future of Raine’s Foundation School was originally published on this page on 4 November 2019, marking the start of a four week statutory consultation period from Monday 4 November until Monday 2 December 2019. The Statutory Notice is appendix 1 to the report dated 29 January 2020 . During this period any person or organisation had the opportunity to object to or make comments on the proposal via email, post or by attending the public meeting held on 11 November 2019 at the Professional Development Centre in Bethnal Green.

30 October 2019 - Mayor in Cabinet approves report recommending further statutory consultation

A report on the outcome of the first stage of the consultation was presented to Cabinet following receipt and collation of all responses. An analysis of the responses received can be viewed as appendix 7 to the report. Redacted copies of all responses are available on request.

View the decision notice

31 July 2019 – Close of informal consultation

A list of frequently asked questions published: 

 

Common questions

Answer:
At the time when parents were able to apply for places at Secondary transfer (i.e. September 2018) the LA and Diocese was not certain that they would eventually need to consider the closure of Raine’s. This became evident in the late spring of 2019, and after the school’s application numbers had fallen to a level that only 36 offers could be made for admission to Year 7 for September 2019.
Answer:

36 children were offered a place at Raine’s on the 1 March. So far the parents of:

  • 19 have received and accepted offers at alternative preference schools
  • 8 are awaiting offers at alternative preference schools
  • 7 have accepted the LA’s offer of a place at Oaklands
  • 2 have not yet confirmed whether they will accept the offer a place at Oaklands or would like to apply for a place elsewhere.

The LA and Diocese maintain that Raine’s would not be able to provide for efficient and appropriate education for such a small intake of pupils.

Parents can still take up the place in Year 7 at Raine’s Foundation School for the 2019/20 academic. However, they have been made aware that there is a significant risk that the year group may be very small. If that proves to be the case, Raine’s may exercise its management powers to provide the education for those children at the site of an alternative school, to enable them to receive a full curriculum.

Answer:
Parents are not being "instructed" to do anything. The LA has informed parents of the plans for Raine’s School to close in August 2020. A substantial number, particularly those parents of children in Year 9, have applied for other schools as they want to be certain that their child will be able to complete their GCSE studies at the same school. Parents of children in Year 10 have been advised to apply for a 6th form place at an alternative school for September 2020, given that the proposal is for Raine’s to close at the end their child’s Year 11.
Answer:
There are plans for there to be Year 10 at Raine’s for September, but the number of pupils remaining in this year group will very much depend on how many parents decide to apply for places at schools elsewhere.
Answer:
Pupils in Year 12 will be able to continue at Raine’s in Year 13. Pupils currently in Year 11, that were offered a place in the Raine’s 6th Form, have been made aware that there is a significant risk that the year group may be very small. If that proves to be the case, Raine’s may exercise its management powers to provide the education for those children at the site of an alternative school, to enable them to receive a full curriculum.
Answer:
The proposal includes plans for Oaklands School to be expanded to ensure that existing Raine’s pupils are able to transfer to an alternative school nearby. However, it is not being presented as the only option. Parents may also apply for places at alternative schools, including nearby faith schools.
Answer:
The consultation document provides information on other Church of England Schools, both in Tower Hamlets and its surrounding boroughs. This is so that parents, both now and in the future, can seek to secure a place at a Church of England School  should they consider the options amongst the other Tower Hamlets unsuitable. Depending on where families live, their nearest appropriate alternative school may be outside Tower Hamlets.
Answer:
There are options for parents to apply for faith schools in Tower Hamlets and in neighbouring boroughs. The London Diocesan Board, the Diocese responsible for Church of England Schools in this area of London, has made special arrangements for Raine’s pupils at nearby Urswick School in Hackney. Raine’s pupils who meet the Urswick Church admissions requirements will be placed at the top of the school’s waiting list.
Answer:
The LA is increasing parental choice by providing additional places at Oaklands and other nearby schools that would otherwise be full. Raine’s has not been full for a number of years and it is therefore evident that it is no longer a popular choice for parents in Tower Hamlets and surrounding areas.
Answer:
There were 388 pupils on roll in Years 7 to 11 at the last census in Jan. The current number is 372 (Years 7 to 11).
Answer:
Parents who have concerns about their children’s education can approach their school or the local authority at any time.  If, following this consultation, it is decided to go ahead with these plans a further meeting will be called at the end of the autumn term to hear representations about the "statutory proposals" which will have to be published at that time.
Answer:
The circumstances in which students can be given special consideration for exams are limited. Ultimately it is for the examination board to decide whether a dispensation can be given in each individual case.  The LA is therefore reviewing whether the situation at Raine’s falls within the guidelines agreed by all of the exam boards. Students and their families will be notified as soon as possible.
Answer:

The LA has said that is has been supporting Raine’s with its efforts to increase its pupil intake over a number of years. This work has included;

  • developing scholarship programmes in Modern Foreign Languages and Sports Studies
  • rewriting the school’s admissions policy to encourage applications from children from all world faiths
  • enabling the school to adopt the LA’s arrangements for pupil banding to support its efforts to achieve a balanced ability intake 
  • appointing the Raine’s headteacher to the Tower Hamlets School Admissions Forum and
  • reserving places at Raine’s for pupils who were unsuccessful in securing places at any of the preferred schools at secondary transfer. 

The Raine’s school leaders during this period would have had the responsibility to consider how best to publicise and promote the school, alongside the support provided by the LA.

Answer:
The phrase ‘other communities’ is not used in the consultation document. The consultation describes the expansion of Oaklands as being beneficial as it provides all members of the community equal opportunity to access a high quality local school provision. Oaklands GCSE results have consistently been amongst the best in the borough.
Answer:
£4m is the figure that has been allocated to be spent on renovating the Raine’s Lower Site. This money is limited to ‘capital expenditure’ and can therefore only be used for renovating the school building and its landscape.
Answer:

Money was invested in all secondary schools in the borough to ensure that each school could provide great facilities for pupils. Raine’s Foundation School envisaged that modern facilities would help with its recruitment of pupils. This has not proven to be the case.

Should Raine’s School close the building at Approach Road will cease to operate as a secondary school. However, there will still be the opportunity for the building to be put to use for other education or community provision. This will be a matter for consideration by the Raine’s Foundation Charitable Trust, the owner of the Approach Road site.

The LA and Diocese plan to bring the Raine’s building at Old Bethnal Green Road back into use as a 6th Form provision for Oakland’s School. This will benefit children at Oaklands and also those Raine’s students who will be moving to Oaklands.

Answer:

The planned use of the lower school site is separate to the proposal to close Raine’s. The LA would want to make the site a sixth form centre for Oaklands School, regardless of whether or not Raine’s School closes.

The building has been empty for some considerable time and the opportunity provided by Oaklands is the most viable option for the building to be put to good use at this time.

Answer:

The current proposal is to close Raine’s and expand Oaklands. If it does not go ahead the LA would still need to find a way to solve the problem regarding the school’s current financial position.

Currently there appears to be no reasonable prospect of recovery for this school. A substantial increase in pupil numbers at this stage is unlikely to secure Raine’s future as it would still not generate the level of income required to address the school’s funding shortfall, repay its increasing licensed deficit and thereby enable it to reach a financially sustainable position. If Oaklands is not expanded the LA would have to consider how the overall need for school places in the borough is to be met.

Answer:

On an individual level the school has highly experienced staff team who are well aware of the sensitivities around the proposals and the effect that might have on students. Where staff feel students are finding it difficult to cope or are exhibiting behaviours that might stem from change anxiety, they are on hand to intervene on an individual level- that might involve speaking to students, withdrawing them from certain activities, communicating with parents.

On a group or cohort level, the school has prioritised the needs of different year groups. The school has held surgery appointments with all families and looked to support them to transitioning to schools of their preference. The school is planning different sets of activities for different groups of students depending on need. For example, many of the families with students in Year 9 have decided that a school move now would be preferable to waiting till next year.

Therefore, as many of the year group are leaving in July, a two week transition project called ‘New Horizons’ has been organised to positively mark their end of time at Raine’s and help them move on positively to their next school.

Answer:

The LA is aware of the importance of keeping the name of Henry Raine alive in the borough. A commitment was made to the chair of the Foundation Trust in correspondence on the 7 May 2019 to discuss further  ways in which the legacy and name of Raine’s is preserved in the borough of Tower Hamlets. 

Answer:

It is the responsibility of the governing body to keep parents and carers up to date with developments in the school. The school had kept parents informed of key developments including when the school received the ‘Requires Improvement’ judgement from Ofsted in 2017 and when an IEB had been appointed. When the IEB took over governance of Raine's in late October 2018, the school was in urgent need of improvement, having suffered from a legacy of weak leadership and governance, poor performance, falling rolls and mounting debt. Two meetings were organised to give parents an opportunity to meet with IEB members and ask questions.

Subsequently, the LA carried out a feasibility study and following the recommendations from this study it was agreed to move forward with the consultation to close Raine’s. Parents were involved at the earliest opportunity.
A letter was sent to parents on 1 May 2019 and a parents meeting was subsequently held, followed by surgeries which are taking place every week so that parents can discuss their own circumstances with representatives from the LA.

Answer:

First and foremost, the Senior Leadership Team, IEB and the Governing Body at both schools will not tolerate any type of abusive behaviour in their schools whatsoever. Very clear and robust action was taken against the poor behaviour during the recent visit, and sanctions were put in place to manage this. Every single family involved came in to meet senior staff and the Executive Headteacher and every single family was apologetic on behalf of their child and supportive of the school’s actions.

Although the behaviour emanated from a group of Year 9 boys, strong and clear messages were communicated to the entire school community. Both schools are well aware of the different demographics of the two school communities.

Therefore, we are all united and absolutely clear that the underlying principles in any potential joint venture or activity moving forward, should be tolerance, respect and cooperation. An organisation called a ‘New Direction’ who have worked in Tower Hamlets Schools previously are developing a programme of activities for pupils to help build relationships between the two schools. Raine’s and Oaklands Schools have set up a joint group to oversee the progress and arrange for any further transition support if required.

Answer:

The LA was working with the school and various methods of support were provided. Below is a list of the key support:

  1. External support from Teaching Schools and specialist consultants
  2. External review of key aspects of the school i.e. Maths and Behaviour management 
  3. Peer to Peer Support
  4. Support from Pupil Admissions 
  5. Support with developing the school building to attract more pupils

Legally, the running of the school is the responsibility of the governing body. In 2017-18 a ‘collegiate’ package of support was agreed for Raine’s school, however the school leadership did not fully engage with the support and this did not have the desired outcome. For the academic year 2018-19, the LA agreed with the Diocese there needed to be an executive headteacher in the school who would make full use of the support available. As the governing body had not taken the steps they needed to in order to improve the school in previous years, the LA identified that formal intervention was required and an Interim Executive Board (IEB) was put in place to ensure the governance also improved.

The IEB and school leaders have invested significant time, effort and determination to improve the performance at Raine’s. The changes brought about in the school were noted as positive in the Ofsted monitoring visit undertaken in December 2018. However, at this time parents had already made their choice of secondary school place. Only 29 pupils applied to Raine’s as their first preference for entry to Year 7 in September 2019.

Answer:
It was initially agreed for Paul Woods to support the school on an interim basis. Paul Woods had approached the LA in December 2018 about returning to lead his own school, Sir John Cass, on a full time basis and confirmed to the LA that he would not be staying beyond Easter 2019. The LA would have preferred him to continue, but we are mindful that Mr Woods’ first responsibility is to his own school. The LA then considered other local schools with leadership capacity to support a school which required improvement and subsequently approached Oaklands.
Answer:

Rapid progress was made in the autumn term. Behaviour had improved notably and teaching became more effective. This was recognised by Ofsted at a monitoring visit in December and further improvements have been made since. However, from the start the IEB was clear that even if the school improved significantly, its future would still be at risk.

This is because the school's long-term decline had resulted in a continually decreasing number of pupils on roll. (Currently there are 372 students in Years 7 to 11, making the school less than half full). This in turn had led to the school being in considerable and increasing debt.

Answer:
No. The LA approached the leadership team at Oaklands after Mr Paul Woods indicated he wanted to return to Sir John Cass to provide the required leadership for the school. Raine’s needed a school improvement partner and as a high performing local school, Oaklands was well placed to support. Mr Paul Woods left in Easter and Patrice Canavan became Executive from the first day of the summer term as a direct replacement with same brief.
Answer:
The LA applied to the Secretary of State to put an IEB in place to improve the governance of the school following the correct statutory procedure. The DfE agreed the members suggested by the LA, but not the nomination made by the Foundation Trust. The IEB was established on 29 October 2018.
Answer:
See question 13 and question 23.
Answer:
The previous governing body had considered academisation however this was not taken forward. An application to convert  to an academy  must be made by a school’s governing body; but the final decision is in the hands of the DfE
Answer:

There are several other faith schools in LBTH and neighbouring boroughs and parents are at liberty to seek a place at any of these schools.  If a place is initially refused they have a statutory right to ask an independent appeal committee to grant a place on the grounds that it is justified by the special circumstances even if the school is technically full.

The LDBS has made arrangements with The Urswick School in Hackney that any pupil at Raine’s who meets the Church admissions requirements for the Urswick School will go to the top of the waiting list. 

Answer:

This was unfortunate. LA officers did work on carefully managing the communications so that the school community would be the first to be informed of proposals. The council’s Cabinet decision making process and work plan is agreed well in advance.

Following on from the feasibility study and proposed recommendation the Cabinet’s work plan had to be updated to include a possible decision on Raine’s closure in the future. This was an administrative process. The work plan was available on Tower Hamlet’s website and was subsequently leaked on social media.

Answer:
The IEB is established in conjunction with the Regional Schools Commissioner and with the permission of the Secretary of State for Education. Members of the IEB have to be approved by the Secretary of State. The LA had asked the Raine’s Foundation Trust to nominate a Trustee to join the IEB, however the nomination provided was rejected by the Secretary of State. The letter from the Regional Schools Commissioner rejecting the nomination was forwarded to the Foundation Trust. There was no further nomination received from the Trust.
Answer:

The Steering Group is a joint steering group with representatives from both schools including parents, governors and staff. The Steering Group is not a decision making body and is a useful forum to have open discussion affecting pupils, parents and staff.  The Trust has been kept informed directly.

Answer:

There was a need to strengthen the leadership of the school following the outcome of the Ofsted Inspection (second ‘Requires Improvement’ Judgement).

Paul Woods was brought in on an interim basis as an Executive Headteacher to increase the leadership capacity.
Rob Hullet (Headteacher) left the school in December 2018.

Paul Woods left the school at the end of the spring term (Easter) and Patrice Canavan was then brought in by the LA as the Executive Headteacher to continue to provide the leadership the school required.

Answer:
The Interim Headteacher worked alongside the school in March 2019 as part of the handover from Paul Woods and formally took up the Headship (on an interim basis) from April 2019.
Answer:
The governing body at the time attempted to recruit parent governors on a number of occasions without success. 
Answer:

The second governing body was put in place by the Diocese as the school is a faith school. The Chair of Governors nominated by the Diocese, Ms Liz Wolverson, is Chief Executive of the LBDS Academies Trust.

Answer:

In reaching this stage the LA, along with the IEB and Diocese, have explored a number of alternative options to maintain the school, but none have proven to be feasible. The consultation document provides details of the alternative options explored and the reasons why these are not considered to be possible and all interested parties are encouraged to read this document. 

The LA welcomes views and opinions from parents on other potential options to secure the future of Raine’s and/or its pupils and all interested parties are invited to submit responses via the online feedback form, by post or by email.

Answer:

The consultation has been publicised on:

  1. LA consultations website
  2. Raines Foundation School website
  3. Oaklands Secondary School website
  4. LA social media accounts

And with the following agencies:

  1. Local MPs
  2. Tower Hamlets Cabinet Members
  3. Raines Foundation Trustees
  4. Local School Governors
  5. Tower Hamlets Admissions Forum Members
  6. Tower Hamlets Head Teachers
  7. Neighbouring Local Authorities
  8. Tower Hamlets Parents & Carers Forum
  9. Tower Hamlets Young Peoples Forum
  10. Church of England Diocese
  11. Roman Catholic Diocese
  12. Somali Community Association
  13. Collective of Bangladeshi Governors
  14. East London National Education Union
  15. Tower Hamlets Council of Mosques
Answer:
Yes, uniform grants will be provided for parents to purchase a new school uniform when this is required. 
On 5 July 2019 the LA’s School Admissions Team will write to every Raine’s parent who has applied for a transfer to another school for this September, to confirm the offer of a school place. The letter will include a section about how they can claim financial support with buying the new school’s uniform.
The uniform grant will be in line with the current school clothing grant that is provided for children when they transfer from primary to secondary school, which is currently £110. The grant will only be redeemable at Khalsa Schoolwear (388 Bethnal Green Road, E2 0AH) Parents will need to present the letter when they visit the store, along with identification, to claim the grant. 
More information can be obtained from the LA’s School Admissions Team. 

Answer:
There will be a need to increase staffing at Oaklands School. A larger school will offer more opportunities for their professional development.
Answer:

All schools must by law provide Religious Education (RE) as part of the curriculum and make provision for collective worship. If Raine’s closes LDBS will work closely with Oaklands to ensure that transferring students receive high quality RE and are supported in their spiritual development.

Detailed discussions with Oaklands School won’t begin until a decision is taken that Raine’s is going to close as the LDBS is not pre-judging the outcome of the consultation.  

Answer:
LDBS has spent the past five years trying to help the school to recruit pupils but that has been unsuccessful. Unless sufficient pupils are on roll for the school to break even financially, the decision on whether a school stays open or closes is taken by those providing the funding.
Answer:
The school was inspected in 2015 and then re-inspected in 2017 and was judged to ‘Require Improvement’ as a result of both visits. Pupil numbers, which were already declining in 2016, were further affected by poor GCSE results that year, as well as attendance and behaviour issues in the school.
The school’s current roll and projected numbers demonstrate that it is highly unlikely to recruit the pupil numbers necessary to address its current funding shortfall, repay the loans it has already been given and move onto a financially sustainable footing.

Answer:
A link to the council’s consultation web page was published on the websites of Raine’s and Oakland’s Schools and both schools sent out a text message to parents by 17 June directing them to the link, which clearly states information about the public meeting at Oaklands on 19 June and at Raine’s on the 26 June.  It is possible that technical issues (either on sending or receipt) could have prevented messages getting through in individual cases; but the intention was to inform everyone at the same time.

19.      A link to the council’s consultation web page was published on the websites of Raine’s and Oakland’s Schools and both schools sent out a text message to parents by 17th June directing them to the link, which clearly states information about the public meeting at Oaklands on 19th June and at Raine’s on the 26th June.  It is possible that technical issues (either on sending or receipt) could have prevented messages getting through in individual cases; but the intention was to inform everyone at the same time.

Answer:
At this stage no decision on the closure of Raine’s has been made, and all the views received, either at the meetings or separately in writing, will be considered prior to a decision being taken as to whether to go ahead with the proposal.
Answer:

Please see answer question 46.  Technically a complete amalgamation of the two schools is not being proposed.  There is a proposal to enlarge Oaklands so that it can accommodate any pupils displaced as a result of the possible closure of Raine’s who wish to transfer.

This is designed to help children to transfer together and to minimise disruption to their education by ensuring as much continuity of curriculum and teaching as possible. However parents can exercise their right to seek a place in a different school if they prefer, and will be given every assistance.

Answer:
Two public meetings have been arranged to provide an opportunity for parents, staff, pupils and members of the local community to ask questions and express their views on the proposals outlined in the consultation document. Another aim of these meetings is to publicise the consultation document, which provides detailed background information on the context and background to the proposal, including options already explored.
Answer:
See question 48
Answer:
Minutes will be produced at each public meeting which will give an overview of discussions and topics covered. A list of all questions raised at both meetings will be produced with answers. The slides and questions are available on this page.
Answer:
A further public meeting will take place at Raines Foundation School on Wednesday 26 June at 6pm. 
Parents who have concerns about their children’s education can approach their school or the local authority at any time.
If, following this consultation, it is decided to go ahead with these plans a further meeting will be called at the end of the autumn term to hear representations about the “statutory proposals” which will have to be published at that time.
Answer:

No, at this stage no decisions on the closure of Raine’s or the expansion of Oaklands School has been made and the public meetings provide an opportunity for parents, staff, the Raines Foundation Trust, pupils and members of the local community to ask questions and express their views on the proposals outlined in the consultation document.

All the views received, either at the meetings or separately in writing, will be considered prior to a decision being taken as to whether to go ahead with the proposal.

Answer:
Raine’s staff and school leaders would have had the responsibility to work alongside the LA as part of the support package being delivered in order to raise standards at the school. Please see question 13 for further details on the support that was provided by the LA.
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10 June 2019 – Start of informal consultation

A six-week public consultation ran from 10 June to 31 July 2019. The Local Authority sought the views of all interested parties on the proposal to close Raine’s Foundation School (including plans to expand nearby Oakland’s School for the transfer of Raine’s pupils), with effect from 31 August 2020. Responses were invited via online and paper surveys, as well as via email and post. Two public meetings were also held:

19 June 2019 – Oaklands School
26 June 2019 – Raine’s Foundation School)

(Presentation slides from both meetings are available on request)

consultation document was produced and can be viewed as appendix 2b to the report dated 30 October 2019. The document includes information on the following key areas:

  • the background to this proposal including; school standards and the impact on the pupil roll
  • the changes to the school’s governance and leadership and the support provided by the LA
  • the alternative options explored
  • the school’s financial position and sustainability
  • what this will mean for pupils, parents and staff
  • the legal process and key dates.

A summary of the legal process followed is included in the consultation document and more information on the process can be found on GOV.UK.

Background to the proposals

Tower Hamlets Local Authority (LA), the Church of England London Diocesan Board (Diocese) and the Interim Executive Board (IEB) (currently providing governance for Raine’s Foundation School), proposed to consult on the closure of Raine’s Foundation School from the 31 August 2020 (including plans to expand nearby Oaklands Secondary School, for the transfer of Raine's pupils). This proposal was put forward in consideration of the following:

  • the low and falling number of pupils attending Raine’s 
  • the financial implications for the school
  • the need to continue to provide high quality education for Raine’s pupils
  • the strong performance and capacity of Oaklands School.

In reaching this stage the LA, along with the IEB and Diocese, explored a number of alternative options to maintain the school, but none proved to be feasible. The consultation document provides details of the alternative options explored and the reasons why these are not considered to be possible.  

In early 2019 a feasibility study was initiated to provide a detailed exploration of the potential impact and implications of closure.