History of parks and open spaces

Parks and open spaces in Tower Hamlets were created in a variety of ways. Some were the result of deliberate policy. Others the result of accident or expedience. Parks were created mainly to benefit people, rather than improve land or rental values.

There were three main periods in which public open space was created in the borough. The first was the deliberate creation of Victoria Park in the middle of the 19^th century. The late 19th century saw the conversion of churchyards to public gardens. Most recently was the development after World War II.

Several parks are the result of late 18th and 19th century urban design. The fashion for formal gardens set in London Squares led to the creation of Trinity Square Gardens, Arbour Square, Albert Gardens and the Oval in Bethnal Green. The Squares are protected by the London Squares Preservation Act, 1931.

Many churchyards, particularly in the west of borough, became public open spaces managed by the local authority. Having closed for burials because they were full, they were converted into public gardens in the second half of the 19th century. This led to the creation of Christchurch Gardens, Altab Ali Park (formerly St Mary’s Churchyard, the original Whitechapel) and St George’s Gardens.

The City of London and Tower Hamlets Cemetery opened 1841 to increase local burial space. By 1889 over a quarter of a million burials had taken place there. By the late 19th Century it had become neglected. In 1966 a special Act of Parliament was passed to close it and turn it into open space. It is now managed by the Friends of Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park as a wooded park and local nature reserve, hosting a variety of events and activities.

Victoria Park Pagoda

In 1841 Parliament passed an Act to create Victoria Park, following an outcry about the lack of parks in the East End. There were fears that disease would spread amid the stinking industries and slum population. The government bought poor quality land that had been used for market gardens, grazing and gravel digging. The park was an instant success. The Metropolitan Board of Works took over the management of the park in 1887, followed by the London County Council (LCC) in 1888, the Greater London Council in 1965 and by Tower Hamlets Council in 1986 (until 1994 with Hackney Council).

Other parks and open spaces are all that remains of historic commons and greens. Stepney Green Gardens and the Stepney Clock Tower site are the last fragments of Mile End Green. The Metropolitan Gardens Association created the Gardens in 1872. The land had been originally enclosed sometime after 1669. Mile End Waste, the open spaces to the north of Mile End Road, was also part of Mile End common.

Bethnal Green Gardens, Paradise Row Gardens and Museum Gardens are the remnants of the medieval Green or Poor’s Land. The LCC created Bethnal Green Gardens as a recreation ground in 1895, The government purchased the land for Museum Gardens for the Bethnal Green Museum in 1868. The Gardens, “laid out and for ever to be maintained as an ornamental garden” as required by the Act to permit its purchase, were opened in 1875.

Kemp archive

The Greenwich Royal Hospital Commissioners bought the site of Island Gardens in 1850. They wanted to protect the view from the rapid industrialisation and development of the Isle of Dogs in the second half of the 19th century. The LCC laid the site out as a park in 1895. Mudchute Park and City Farm was created in 1977 from a landscape of low mounds and former World War II gun emplacements. Between 1875 and 1910 the site had been used to dump mud dredged from the Millwall Docks.

Millwall Park was marsh land until 1919 when it was converted to playing fields and a recreation ground. It was the home of the original Millwall Football Club from 1889-1910.

After World War II parks of various sizes were created. These include Mile End Park, Langdon Park, Jolly’s Green, Bartlett Park, Allen Gardens, Weavers Fields and Ravenscroft Park. Pieces of land to create these parks were still being laid out with grass for the first time in 2005.

Gardens and squares, such as Canada Square Park, Jubilee Park and Crossrail Place Roof Garden are a main feature of Canary Wharf . They are managed by the Canary Wharf Estate.

References

Philip Mernick and Doreen Kendall, “A pictorial history of Victoria Park, London E3” 1996,
East London History Society
Bridget Cherry, Charles O’Brien and Nicholas Pevsner, “The Buildings of England: London 5: East” 2005, Yale University Press
Sally Williams, “The Inventory of Green Spaces – Tower Hamlets”, London Parks and Gardens Trust in association with English Heritage, 2003

Heritage significance of parks and open spaces in Tower Hamlets

London Squares in Tower Hamlets: (Information taken from adopted borough plan 1986)

Albert Gardens (formerly Albert Square)
Arbour Square
Beaumont Square
Carlton Square
Ford Square
Ion Square
Mile End Green (Mile End Waste)
Swedenborg Square (formerly Prince’s Square)
Rectory Square
Sidney Square
Stepney Green Gardens
The Oval
Trafalgar Gardens (formerly Trafalgar Square)
Tredegar Square
Trinity Square Gardens
York Square.

English Heritage Register of Parks and Gardens of Historic Interest in England and Wales

English Heritage has entered four Tower Hamlets’ parks and gardens on this register:

Victoria Park
Island Gardens
Boundary Gardens
Museum Gardens.

Listed structures in Tower Hamlets parks and open spaces:

Many sites also have listed buildings, structures and war memorials (such as Victoria Park and Boundary Gardens). Trinity Square Gardens contains the Commonwealth War Memorials to the Merchant Navy war dead of both world wars, and the commemoration of those executed at the Tower Hill scaffold where over 125 people met their fate including St Thomas More, St John Fisher and Thomas Cromwell.

The London Inventory of Historic Green Spaces - Tower Hamlets:

This inventory was published in 2003 by the London Parks and Gardens Trust and supported by English Heritage. It lists 52 publicly accessible open spaces of historic interest in the borough.

Our parks
Park and open space	Brief history note
Albert Gardens	Built 1840s; opened to public by LCC 1906
All Saints Churchyard	Formerly the churchyard of St Mary’s Church, the White Chapel
Altab Ali Park	Formerly the churchyard of St Mary’s Church, the Whitechapel
Arbour Square	Built 1820s; opened to public by LCC 1904
Bartlett Park	Laid out 1950s as part of Festival of Britain’s Lansbury Estate
Beaumont Square Gardens	Laid out c.1840; opened to public late 19th
Bethnal Green Gardens	Part of Bethnal Green “Poor’s Land” trust. LCC opened to the public 1895
Museum Gardens	English Heritage Register Grade II
Boundary Gardens	Laid out as centrepiece of Boundary Estate by LCC in early 1900s; English. Heritage register grade II
Bow Churchyard	Opened to public as garden by MPGA in late 19th Century
Brickfield Gardens	Former brickfield purchased compulsorily 1899 and opened to public 1904.
Carlton Square Gardens	Laid out mid 19th century, opened to public by MPGA 1885
Christ Church Gardens	Church built 1714-1729; small part opened to public as garden late 19th Century
Ford Square Gardens	Laid out 1820s; opened to public 1904
Globe Road Open Space	Remnant of former burial ground of 19th century chapel; opened as garden late 19th century by borough council
Grove Hall Park	Site of former asylum established c.1820; opened to public 1909 and extended 1930 with a convent garden
Ion Square Gardens	Original square c.1845; opened to public 1895 by MPGA; extension agreed with LCC 1953
Island Gardens	Opened in 1895 on land that the Admiralty saved from development to preserve the view of Greenwich; English Heritage register Grade II
Jesus Green	Opened in 20th century on site of cleared dwellings
King Edward Memorial Park	Opened 1922 on land bought by public subscription
Meath Gardens	Former burial ground laid out 1842 and opened as garden 1894 by MPGA and LCC
Mercers Burial Ground	Also known as Stepney Meeting House Burial Ground, laid out 1779 and opened to public as garden 1976
Mile End Park	First planned 1943 and included in Abercrombie Plan for Greater London 1944. Parts laid out as King George’s Fields in 1952 on cleared bomb sites; LCC and later. GLC continued to clear and lay out sites as open space until 1985. Millenium Commission landscape and building works 1995 - date
Mile End Waste/Green	Remnant of former medieval green
Paradise Gardens	English Heritage register Grade II
Poplar Recreation Ground	Former burial ground opened as garden 1867 by MGPA
Shandy Park	Former burial ground opened as garden 1885 by MPGA
Sidney Square Gardens	Laid out 1820s; opened to public by LCC 1904
St Anne's Churchyard	Laid out 1730; opened as garden 1887 by MPGA
St Bartholomew's Gardens	Former burial ground opened as garden 1885 by MPGA
St Dunstan's Churchyard	Church build by 1232, probably dating from 7th century; former burial ground opened as garden
St George's Gardens	Church opened 1729; opened to public as gardens in 1875 via Vestry and Metropolitan Board of Works.
St James' Gardens	Former burial ground; laid out partly on land left over following construction of Rotherhithe Tunnel.
St John’s Churchyard	Chapel of ease 1617; site bombed during WWII
St Leonard’s Playground	Church built 12th century, rebuilt 1842 and bombed in WWII; much of churchyard cleared for road.
St Matthew’s Churchyard	Church consecrated 1746, churchyard closed mid 1850s; opened as garden 1896
St Matthias Old Church	Former church of East India Company built 1776; churchyard open to public; about Poplar Recreation Ground
St Paul’s Churchyard	Established 1656 as chapel of ease, parish created 1669, church rebuilt 1820; laid out as garden 1886 by MPGA; churchyard accessible only to school
Stepney Green Gardens	Remnants of Stepney Green, enclosed between 1669-1684; used for public hustings mid 19th century; opened to public 1872 by Metropolitan Board of Works
Stepney Green Park	Formerly part of Mile End Green where Stepney Fair held late 17th to 19th century; enclosed 1694; built over as part of Clare Hall estate; site cleared of housing by GLC following WWII
Tower Gardens	Part of the Tower Liberties, governed by Tower until 1855; taken into care of local authority as gardens, managed by Historic Royal Palaces 1990s
Tower Hamlets Cemetery (Park)	Open fields until land consecrated for commercial burial ground 1841; was noted as containing 247,000 graves and neglected by 1889; many common public graves; bombed WWII; closed to burials by special Act of Parliament for GLC as public open space. Transferred to Tower Hamlets 1986 and became Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park 1990.
Trafalgar Gardens	Created as square late 18th century, renamed Trafalgar Square 1809; central garden bought by Vestry of Mile End Old Town and opened to public 1885
Tredegar Square Gardens	Laid out 1828; original simple rectilinear layout replaced by former Bow Neighbourhood with circular forms in late 1980s.
Trinity Square Gardens	Laid out to designs by Samuel Wyatt for Trinity House at top of Tower Hill by private enclosure act in 1795. Contains Commonwealth War Graves Commission War Memorials to Merchant Navy war dead of both world wars and memorial to Falklands Merchant Navy war dead (2005); also contains commemoration of executions at Tower Hill scaffold; restored 2002 with funding from Heritage Lottery Fund and Tower Hill Improvement Trust
Vallance Gardens	Part is former Society of Friends burial ground; laid out 1880 as public garden; gardens reconstructed 2003
Victoria Park	Designed by James Pennethorne; opened 1845; site extended 1872; managed by Metropolitan Board of Works in 1887, transferred to LCC in 1889, then GLC in 1965 then Tower Hamlets in 1986; site much bombed in WWII and not restored. English Heritage register Grade II
Wakefield Gardens	Laid out 1992 over new London Underground station entrance; land originally donated as public open space for benefit of local people by the Wakefield Trust in the 1930's
Wapping Gardens	Opened 1891 by Metropolitan Board of Works from cleared slum dwellings under “Artisans’ and Labourers’ Dwelling Improvement Act 1875; refurbished late 1980s.
Weavers Fields	Laid out in 1960s on land acquired and cleared of housing by GLC following bomb damage; site intended to be much larger; extensive works to turn grassland into park during 1990s and early years of 20th century.
York Square Gardens	Site developed by Mercers Company in early 19th Century; garden opened to public in LCC 1904; GLC bought site 1969